Infectious Diseases Scientific Session

Trending research Infectious Diseases Scientific Session topics...

Here are a few trending topics in Infectious Diseases research

1 Infectious diseases

Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. While many are harmless or beneficial, some can cause disease under certain conditions and can spread from person to person. Examples include SARS, coronaviruses, influenza, diphtheria, HIV/AIDS, HPV, tuberculosis (TB), and hepatitis A and B.

Influenza: A viral infection affecting the respiratory system.

Cryptosporidiosis: A parasitic infection causing diarrhoea, spread through contaminated food or water.

Vector-Borne Diseases: Transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods like mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas (e.g., dengue, West Nile virus, Lyme disease, malaria).

Legionnaires’ Disease: A type of pneumonia caused by Legionella bacteria, not spread person to person.

Human Metapneumovirus: Causes upper respiratory tract infections, similar to a cold, often in winter.

Valley Fever: An infection caused by the Coccidioides fungus, found in soil in certain regions.

Antibiotic-Resistant Diseases: Occur when microbes resist drugs designed to kill them, making infections hard to treat.

2 Research on Medicine and Vaccine for Covid-19

Medical research, also known as experimental medicine, includes basic research (bench science) and clinical research (clinical trials). It spans from fundamental scientific principles to studies involving human subjects.
In pharmaceutical drug development, research includes both preclinical and clinical phases. However, not all research focuses on pharmaceuticals; it also encompasses diagnostics, medical devices, and non-pharmaceutical therapies.
The COVID-19 vaccine aims to provide immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Previous research on SARS and MERS facilitated the rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines. Countries have prioritized vaccine distribution for high-risk groups, such as the elderly and healthcare workers.

3 Parasitology & Infectious Diseases

The study of parasite-hosts and the relationship between them is known as Parasitology. The scope of parasitology is determined by the way they live rather than the organism or environment in the biological discipline. Parasites decrease host fitness by general or pathology and affect the human body in different ways, through the oral route, skin, arthropod vectors, or sexual contact. Diagnosis of parasitic diseases depends on several laboratory methods like imaging techniques and endoscopy etc.

Types of parasitology:

Quantitative Parasitology

Infectious diseases, or infectiology, is the medical specialty focused on diagnosing and treating complex infections. Treatments vary by type: bacterial infections with antibiotics, viral infections with antiviral agents, and fungal infections with antifungal agents. The effective management of infectious diseases significantly impacts society, offering crucial social, economic, and political benefits.

4 Vaccines and Vaccination

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides immunity to a specific infectious disease. It typically contains a weakened or killed form of the microbe, its surface proteins, or toxins. Vaccines can be therapeutic (treating existing diseases) or prophylactic (preventing future infections).

Vaccination involves administering a vaccine to help the immune system develop protection against certain diseases. Vaccines may contain microorganisms or viruses in damaged, dead, or live forms, or proteins or toxins from the organism. Vaccination is the most effective method for preventing infectious diseases and has led to the eradication of smallpox and the elimination of diseases like polio and tetanus in many parts of the world. However, diseases like measles are resurging in areas with low vaccination rates due to vaccine hesitancy.

5 Nosocomial Infections & Control

Nosocomial infections are hospital-acquired infections caused by antibiotic-resistant organisms. They occur within 72 hours of admission and were not present before. These infections can be controlled by monitoring infection rates, adhering to best healthcare practices, and following CDC guidelines for surveillance and outbreak studies.

6 Blood Infectious Diseases

Blood infectious diseases are caused by pathogens like bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites that can infect the bloodstream. Bacteria can enter through wounds or spread from other infections like pneumonia or urinary tract infections. Viruses such as influenza, dengue, hepatitis B, poliovirus, and HIV, along with parasites like plasmodium and Trypanosoma brucei, can also invade the bloodstream.
Examples of blood Infectious Diseases:

7 Plants Diseases and Fungal Infection Control

Plant diseases disrupt the normal functions of plants, classified as non-infectious or infectious based on their cause. They lead to substantial economic losses for farmers globally, impacting food production and agricultural resources like land, water, and fuel. While plants possess inherent disease resistance, historical events like the Great Famine of Ireland and ongoing issues such as rice blast, soybean cyst nematode, and citrus canker illustrate significant challenges in disease control and agricultural sustainability.
Examples of Plant Diseases:
Fungal Infection Control:
Fungal infections, or mycoses, range from superficial skin conditions to deep tissue and systemic diseases caused by fungal invasion. They can start from inhalation of spores or skin colonization, often initiating in the lungs or on the skin.
Control:

8 Market Analysis of Infectious Diseases

Global market report of infectious diseases is a complete study of current trends in the infectious diseases therapeutic and diagnostic market, advanced therapies and restraints, industry growth drivers. It provides market projections for the coming years. It includes analysis of recent developments in technology for infection diagnosis and treatment. Market reports also includes a review of micro and macro factors essential for the existing market players and new entrants along with detailed value chain analysis.

9 Ebola and Zika Viral Infections

Ebola virus disease (EVD), also known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever (EHF), is a severe viral illness affecting humans and primates. Symptoms typically appear 2 to 21 days after infection and include fever, sore throat, muscle pain, headaches, vomiting, diarrhea, and rash. The virus spreads through direct contact with infected body fluids, such as blood, and possibly contaminated objects. Airborne transmission between primates, including humans, has not been observed in labs or nature.

Zika Viral Infection:

Zika fever, caused by the Zika virus, is usually asymptomatic but can manifest with mild symptoms similar to dengue fever: fever, red eyes, joint pain, and headache lasting less than a week. It rarely causes death initially but can lead to microcephaly and brain abnormalities in babies if transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy. Spread primarily by Aedes mosquitoes, it can also be sexually transmitted and possibly transmitted through blood transfusions. The Ebola virus first appeared in simultaneous outbreaks in 1976, while Zika virus was identified in Uganda in 1947 in monkeys.

10 Non communicable Diseases

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, are long-lasting and typically develop slowly. They are not contagious and do not spread from person to person. The main categories include cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, and chronic respiratory diseases, posing significant health and developmental challenges.
Examples of Non communicable Diseases:
Coronary Artery Disease.

11 Viruses and Cancer

Cancer is characterized by abnormal cell growth that can invade other body parts. Unlike benign tumors, cancerous ones can spread. Symptoms include lumps, abnormal bleeding, persistent cough, weight loss, and changes in bowel habits, which may indicate cancer but can stem from other causes. Over 100 types of cancer affect humans. The human papillomavirus is a significant virus linked to certain cancers, although papillomas themselves are not cancerous, they increase cancer risk.

Types of cancers:

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

12 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)

COVID-19 is caused by a novel coronavirus strain. Most cases result in mild to moderate symptoms and recover without special treatment. Coronaviruses are RNA viruses that affect mammals and birds, causing respiratory and other illnesses. They can spread through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing, or by touching contaminated surfaces and then the face. Diagnosis involves medical tests and history collection, while prevention focuses on stopping disease spread and progression through coordinated public health measures.

There are 3 levels of prevention:

Management: The complete system of care and treatment of a disease or a sick individual the management of contagious diseases.

13 Bacterial Infectious Diseases

Bacterial diseases are caused by bacteria and include conditions like bacterial pneumonia, a leading cause of death in older adults. Improved sanitation, vaccines, and antibiotics have lowered mortality rates, but antibiotic-resistant strains have led to a resurgence in some infections. Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has strains resistant to commonly used drugs, complicating treatment.

Examples of Bacterial Infections:

14 Causes and Symptoms of Infectious Diseases

Infectious diseases are caused by organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, many of which reside on or in our bodies and are usually harmless. However, they can cause disease under certain conditions and can be transmitted from person to person, through insect bites, contaminated food or water, or environmental exposure.

Causes: Infectious diseases spread through direct contact with infected individuals via skin-to-skin or sexual contact, touching contaminated surfaces, or contact with body fluids like blood and saliva. Some diseases spread through airborne droplets when infected individuals cough or sneeze, which can be inhaled or land on surfaces.

Infectious diseases can be caused by:

Bacteria: These single-cell organisms are responsible for illnesses such as strep throat, urinary tract infections, and tuberculosis.

Viruses: Even smaller than bacteria, viruses cause multiple diseases ranging from the common cold to AIDS.

Fungi: Many skin diseases, like ringworm and tinea pedis, are caused by fungi. Other sorts of fungi can infect your lungs or systemic nervosum.

Parasites: Malaria is caused by a small parasite that is transmitted by a mosquito bite. Other parasites could also be transmitted to humans from animal faeces.

Symptoms: You may undergo one or several symptoms of an infectious disease. It’s important to ascertain a doctor if you’ve got any chronic (ongoing) symptoms or symptoms that get worsen over time. Each infectious disease will have its own specific signs and symptoms. General signs and symptoms common to a variety of infectious diseases include:

15 Pediatric Infectious Diseases

Pediatric infectious diseases refer to communicable illnesses affecting children. When infants suffer persistent illness due to viruses, specialists in infectious diseases can diagnose and treat them effectively from birth through adolescence. Many microorganisms inhabit our bodies, often benign or beneficial, but some can cause illness under certain conditions. These diseases can spread person-to-person, through insects or animals, or by consuming contaminated food or water. Symptoms vary depending on the infecting organism but commonly include fever and fatigue.

16 Fungal Infectious Diseases

Fungal infections are very common throughout the world. In humans, fungal infections occur when an invading fungus takes over an area of the body and when it is tough for the immune system to handle. Fungi can live in the soil, plants, water, and air. Even some fungi naturally live in the human body. Fungal diseases in humans are called mycoses; they include such disorders as coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, and blast mycosis. Although these diseases can be mild, characterized by an upper respiratory infection, they can also be severe, involving the bloodstream and every organ system.

Examples of Fungal Infectious Diseases:

Skin, Nails and Hair

17 Veterinary Diseases

A branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, control, and treatment of disease, disorder, and injury in animals is known as Veterinary medicine. Along with this, it also deals with animal rearing, breeding, husbandry, and research on nutrition and product development. There is wide scope for veterinary medicine, covering all animal species, both domesticated and wild, with a wide range of conditions that can affect different species.

Examples of veterinary Diseases:

18 Tropical Infectious Diseases

Tropical diseases are prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions and are rare in temperate climates due to cold seasons controlling insect populations. Common vectors include mosquitoes and flies, which can carry bacteria, viruses, or parasites infectious to humans and animals. Transmission often occurs through insect bites, involving subcutaneous blood exchange. Vaccines are not yet available for most tropical diseases. Examples of Tropical Infectious Diseases:

- Cholera
- Escherichia coli tuberculosis and Hansen’s disease (leprosy).
- Parasitic single-celled protozoa

19 Infectious Diseases Prevention, Control and Cure

- Handwashing
- Asepsis
- Disinfection Methods
- Reduce Number of Sex Partners
- Abstinence
- Early Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
- Standard Environmental Cleaning
- Sterilization Methods

Cleaning dirty surfaces without paying attention to proper hygiene can lead to these germs spreading into other areas. Sometimes, while we do our daily chores, we end up picking germs on our hands without knowing. They would then ultimately spread to anything we contact until the following time we get an opportunity to wash our hands.

Moreover, in the event that an individual is experiencing viral sickness like influenza, the minuscule drops of dampness coming from their mouth can spread germs noticeable all around when they inhale wheeze, or hack.

- Washing your hands with soap and water, thoroughly and frequently
- Covering your nose and mouth when you sneeze or cough
- Disinfecting frequently touched surfaces in your home and workplace
- Avoiding contact with sick people or sharing personal items with them
- Not drinking or swimming in contaminated water supplies
- Not eating or drinking food and beverages prepared by people who are sick

A cure for an infectious disease can involve medicine, lifestyle changes, careful activities, or philosophical attitudes that relieve or end the condition. This condition could be a mental illness, disease, disability, or a socially undesirable trait like lack of breast tissue or baldness. Serious infections can be terminal, while curable illnesses may still result in death.

20 Infection, Immunity and Inflammation

The invasion of the body by microorganisms or viruses can cause disease. Microorganisms that cause infection include bacteria, viruses, protozoans, and fungi.

Immunity: Immunity is the body’s defence system against diseases and infections. It involves the spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, lymphoid tissues (like those in the gastrointestinal tract and bone marrow), macrophages, lymphocytes (T cells and B cells), and antibodies.

Inflammation: The inflammatory response can be triggered by chemical, physical, and biological agents such as excessive sunlight, mechanical trauma, x-rays, radioactive materials, extreme temperatures, corrosive chemicals, and infectious agents. However, infection and inflammation are not synonymous.

21 Internal Medicine for Infectious Diseases

Internal medicine practitioners, also known as general internal medicine specialists, are trained to manage complex or multisystem disease conditions that single-organ specialists may not handle. They address undifferentiated symptoms like dyspnea, fatigue, and chest pain, as well as acute illnesses affecting multiple organ systems in one patient. They also manage multiple chronic diseases in patients with comorbidities. While they provide specialized care for adults, they are distinct from family physicians who have broader training including surgery, obstetrics, and paediatrics.

22 Critical Care and its Applications

Critical Care focuses on enhancing the treatment of critically ill patients through gathering, sharing, and advocating evidence-based information important to intensivists. It involves intensive medical care and monitoring in hospital settings, particularly in intensive care units (ICUs), where a team including specialized nurses and physicians provides comprehensive care. Critical care nursing specifically emphasizes meticulous care for critically ill or unstable patients recovering from severe injury, surgery, or life-threatening illnesses.

Critical care Applications:

23 Problems in Infectious Disease Practice

Infection control in healthcare involves preventing the spread of microorganisms between individuals. This includes frequent handwashing, managing infection outbreaks, and ensuring hygienic water and food in hospitals.

Diagnostic errors occur when healthcare providers fail to accurately and promptly diagnose and communicate a patient’s health issues.

Treatment failure measures healthcare quality by evaluating unsuccessful outcomes from treatment and procedures used to combat diseases.se, in individual cases or series.

24 Orthopaedic Infections

Orthopaedic surgery focuses on treating musculoskeletal conditions through surgical and nonsurgical methods. It addresses trauma, spine disorders, sports injuries, degenerative diseases, infections, tumours, and congenital disorders.
Orthopaedic Infections: Impact bones (osteomyelitis) and joints (septic arthritis), often linked to surgery, especially joint replacements.
Adult Trauma Orthopaedics: Covers a wide range of injuries, from minor fractures to severe accidents.
Family Medicine Physicians: Specialize in comprehensive healthcare for patients of all ages, previously known as family practice.

25 Sepsis/Septicemia

Sepsis, also known as Septicaemia, is a life-threatening complication that can happen when bacteria from another infection enter the blood and spread throughout the body. It needs urgent hospital treatment, as it can quickly lead to organ failure, tissue damage, and death. When an infection goes wrong sepsis occurs and it is a very dangerous disease. This initial stage is followed by suppression of the immune system. Common signs and symptoms include fever, increased heart rate, increased breathing rate, and confusion. There may also be symptoms related to a specific infection, such as a cough with pneumonia, or painful urination with a kidney infection. The very young, old, and people with a weakened immune system may have no symptoms of a specific infection, and the body temperature may be low or normal instead of having a fever. Severe sepsis causes poor organ function or blood flow. The presence of low blood pressure, high blood lactate, or low urine output may suggest poor blood flow. Septic shock is low blood pressure due to sepsis that does not improve after fluid replacement.

26 Epidemiology

Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where), patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations.
It is a cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Epidemiologist’s help with study design, collection, and statistical analysis of data, amend interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review). Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies, and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences.

Major areas of epidemiological study case include:

Causation, transmission, outbreak investigation, disease-surveillance, environmental epidemiology, forensic epidemiology, occupational epidemiology, screening, bio monitoring, and comparisons of treatment effects such as in clinical trials. Epidemiologists rely on other scientific disciplines like biology to better understand disease processes, statistics to make efficient use of the data and draw appropriate conclusions, social sciences to better understand proximate and distal causes, and engineering for exposure assessment.

27 Antimicrobials/Antibiotics/Antibacterial

An antimicrobial drug is an agent that either stops the growth of microorganisms or kills them. Antimicrobial medicines can be assembled by how they act basically against the organism. For example, antifungals are used against fungi, and antibiotics are used against bacteria. Classification of them can be made according to their function. Agents that merely inhibit their growth are called bacteriostatic agents, while agents that kill microbes are microbicides. The use of antimicrobial medicines to prevent infection is known as antimicrobial prophylaxis, while the use of antimicrobial medicines to treat infection is known as antimicrobial chemotherapy.

28 Clinical and Case Reports

Case reports are detailed descriptions of individual patients’ symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up, often focusing on unusual occurrences. They serve crucial roles in medical education and clinical practice, offering insights into disease management and treatment outcomes. Examples include reports in orthopaedics, psychology, and primary care, each highlighting specific clinical scenarios and treatment approaches. These reports contribute to scientific, medical, and educational fields by sharing unique clinical insights and guiding practice guidelines.

29 Pharmacology of Infectious Diseases

Pharmacology is a branch of medicine and pharmaceutical sciences which is concerned with the study of a drug or medication action. The two main areas of pharmacology are pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Pharmacokinetics studies the effects of biological systems on a drug, pharmacodynamics studies the effects of a drug on biological systems. In broad terms, pharmacokinetics discusses the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of chemicals from the biological systems and pharmacodynamics discusses the chemicals with biological receptors.

30 Neuro Infectious Diseases

The nervous system can be affected due to the neuro infectious diseases, from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and nerves. Furthermore, most of the neuro infectious diseases include encephalitis and meningitis, in which inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord caused by bacteria or viral infection may lead to disability or death.

It is a medical specialty that facilitates scientific research on neurophysiology, prognosis, diagnosis & treatment of neurological infections that are caused by bacteria or viral infection which affects the nervous system.

Examples of Neuro Infectious Diseases:

Neurosyphilis

31 STD and HIV Infection

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), also known as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), spread primarily through sexual activity, including vaginal, oral, and anal intercourse. They often show no initial symptoms, increasing the risk of transmission. Symptoms can include vaginal or penile discharge, pelvic pain, and genital ulcers. STIs can also be transmitted from mother to infant during childbirth, potentially leading to severe outcomes. Some STIs can cause infertility. Preventive measures like condom use, limiting sexual partners, and mutual monogamy reduce STI risk. Adult male circumcision can also be effective in preventing certain infections.

Examples of STDs Infection:

32 Viral Infectious Diseases

When an organism’s body is invaded by pathogenic viruses, infectious virus particles (virions) attach to and enter susceptible cells leading to the occurrence of viral disease. In some cases, viral diseases can lead to serious, perhaps life-threatening compilations, such as dehydration, bacterial pneumonia, and other secondary bacterial infections. Additionally, certain types of sexually transmitted viral infections, such as HIV/AIDS and HPV, can lead to serious complications and death.

Examples of Viral Infections Diseases:

Bottom Line Infections

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